Modified Chaotic Harris Hawks Optimization- Based PID Control for Load Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power System with Renewable Energy Integration

Abstract

This research visions a Modified Chaotic Harris Hawks Optimization (MCHHO) algorithm for a three-area interconnected system comprising wind, solar and reheat thermal units to optimally tune a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller with Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) criterion for load frequency control (LFC). MCHHO incorporates consolidated strategies with chaotic map structure for enhancing exploration–exploitation balance and accelerating convergence. Results showcase a minimum ITAE of 0.0054 along with frequency and power settling within 3.8 s and 7 s, respectively. Comparative analysis with baseline algorithms, including BSA-PID, CLPSO-PID, MFOA-PID, OOA-PID and HHO-PID, displays performance improvement by 88.63%, 95.43%, 99.80%, 92.44% and 96.84%, respectively. Besides, robustness is validated under varied load disturbances, communication delays, renewable intermittencies and parametric uncertainties demonstrating the reliability and effectiveness of MCHHO in advanced LFC applications in interconnected power systems.